Remember: Briefs Are Not Evidence

Tim Kowal September 18, 2024

In motions for summary judgment, the separate statement is a very important document because the trial judge uses it as a roadmap to the evidence. But on appeal, the court uses a different roadmap to the evidence: your brief. And if your brief just cites to the separate statement—or worse, merely to the trial court brief citing to it—then all you’ve given the court is a roadmap that leads to another roadmap. And the court does not want that.

This recursive roadmapping problem in Rodriguez v. Stantru Res. (D4d2 Sep. 6, 2024) No. E080653 (nonpub. opn.) led to forfeiture. The plaintiff argued on appeal that summary judgment was not improper because there were triable issues on her wrongful termination claims. But the court observed that all of her citations were to her opposition in the trial court, which in turn cited to her separate statement. This won’t do because briefs are not evidence.

"Citing points and authorities filed in the trial court is not appropriate support for factual assertions in a brief. Points and authorities are not presented under penalty of perjury. Matters set forth in points and authorities are not evidence." (Alki Partners, LP v. DB Fund Services, LLC (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 574, 590.)

And separate statements aren’t either. (Jackson v. County of Los Angeles (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 171, 178, fn. 4.)

But the appellant did give a strong hint where the Court of Appeal could find the evidence. Isn’t that enough? Answer: Depends on your court. This court thought not, stating “We are not obliged to search the record unguided,” citing Meridian Financial Services, Inc. v. Phan (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 657, 684.)

Could the appellant have cured the defect in the reply brief? The court pointed out that she made no effort to do so. But then the court suggested that it might not even have mattered: “Fairness militates against allowing an appellant to raise an issue for the first time in a reply brief…." (American Indian Model Schools v. Oakland Unified School Dist. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 258, 276.) And the reasoning applies equally to citation of evidence for the first time in the reply brief. (Los Angeles Unified School District v. Torres Construction Corp. (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 480, 510.)

Takeaway: In your appeal from a summary judgment, cite to both the evidence and the separate statement. The evidence is all-important, but the court also needs to know that you appropriately signposted that evidence with an appropriate separate statement.

Tim Kowal is an appellate specialist certified by the California State Bar Board of Legal Specialization. Tim helps trial attorneys and clients win their cases and avoid error on appeal. He co-hosts the Cal. Appellate Law Podcast at CALpodcast.com, and publishes summaries of cases and appellate tips for trial attorneys. Contact Tim at [email protected] or (949) 676-9989.

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"Moot points have to be settled somehow, once they get thrust upon us. If an assertion cannot be proved, then it must be settled some other way, and nearly all of these ways are unfair to somebody."

—T.H. White, The Once and Future King

"God made the angels to show Him splendor, … Man He made to serve Him wittily, in the tangle of his mind."

— Sir Thomas More in Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons

“It will be of little avail to the people, that the laws are made by men of their own choice, if the laws be so voluminous that they cannot be read, or so incoherent that they cannot be understood; if they be repealed or revised before they are promulgated, or undergo such incessant changes that no man, who knows what the law is today, can guess what it will be tomorrow. Law is defined to be a rule of action; but how can that be a rule, which is little known, and less fixed?”

— James Madison, Federalist 62

"At common law, barratry was 'the offense of frequently exciting and stirring up suits and quarrels' (4 Blackstone, Commentaries 134) and was punished as a misdemeanor."

— Rubin v. Green (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1187

Show neither partiality to the weak nor deference to the mighty, but judge your fellow men justly.

— Leviticus

"It may be that the court is thought to be excessively legalistic. I should be sorry to think that it is anything else."

— Hon. Sir Owen Dixon, Chief Justice of Australia

"Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws."

— Plato (427-347 B.C.)

"A judge is a law student who grades his own papers."

— H.L. Mencken

"So far as the beginnings of law had theories, the first theory of liability was in terms of a duty to buy off the vengeance of him to whom an injury had been done whether by oneself or by something in one's power. The idea is put strikingly in the Anglo-Saxon legal proverb, 'Buy spear from side or bear it,' that is, buy off the feud or fight it out."

— Roscoe Pound, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law

"Counsel on the firing line in an actual trial must be prepared for surprises, including requests for amendments of pleading. They cannot ask that a judgment afterwards obtained be set aside merely because their equilibrium was slightly disturbed by an unexpected motion."

— Posz v. Burchell (1962) 209 Cal.App.2d 324, 334

"Upon putting laws into writing, they became even harder to change than before, and a hundred legal fictions rose to reconcile them with reality."

— Will Durant

Remember: Briefs Are Not Evidence

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"Moot points have to be settled somehow, once they get thrust upon us. If an assertion cannot be proved, then it must be settled some other way, and nearly all of these ways are unfair to somebody." —T.H. White, The Once and Future King

"God made the angels to show Him splendor, … Man He made to serve Him wittily, in the tangle of his mind." — Sir Thomas More in Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons

"At common law, barratry was 'the offense of frequently exciting and stirring up suits and quarrels' (4 Blackstone, Commentaries 134) and was punished as a misdemeanor." — Rubin v. Green (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1187

Show neither partiality to the weak nor deference to the mighty, but judge your fellow men justly. — Leviticus

"It may be that the court is thought to be excessively legalistic. I should be sorry to think that it is anything else." — Hon. Sir Owen Dixon, Chief Justice of Australia

"Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws." — Plato (427-347 B.C.)

"A judge is a law student who grades his own papers." — H.L. Mencken

"Upon putting laws into writing, they became even harder to change than before, and a hundred legal fictions rose to reconcile them with reality." — Will Durant