Kowal Law Group Logo
Oral Argument

Appellate Briefing Fail: Large Sections Disregarded, and Entire Reply Brief Forfeited, for Failure to Provide Citations and Headings

Tim Kowal     August 19, 2021

They can't be serious about that. That is what you probably think when you read rule 8.204(a) of the California Rules of Court. It sets forth a lot of pretty commonplace requirements for appellate briefs. It requires tables of contents and authorities, headings and subheadings, that kind of thing. It also says parties must "support each point by argument and, if possible, by citation of authority."

Sure, it is poor form not to include all that. But really, what's the worst that can happen if you slip up a bit on these particulars?

You will find out in The Villas v. Westpark Corte Bella Comm. Assoc. (D4d3 Aug. 12, 2021) no. G059577 (nonpub. opn.).

There, the opening brief failed to comply with rule 8.204(a)(1)(C) because "while the brief has some record references, large parts of the brief, including half of the statement of facts, have none." The Court of Appeal has the discretion to disregard passages of a brief that do not comply with rule 8.204(a)(1)(C). (Ragland v. U.S. Bank National Assn. (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 182, 195; Doppes v. Bentley Motors, Inc. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 967, 990.)

The opening brief also failed to comply with rule 8.204(a) because it did not explain why the order on appeal was an appealable order (even though it was an appealable order).

The opening brief also failed rule 8.204(a)(1)(B) because it did not “[s]tate each point under a separate heading or subheading summarizing the point, and support each point by argument and, if possible, by citation of authority.” One of the poorly-headed sections also contained few legal citations as well, so the court had discretion not to consider that entire section of the brief. (See Winslett v. 1811 27th Avenue LLC (2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 239, 248, fn. 6; Pizarro v. Reynoso (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 172, 179; Roe v. McDonald's Corp. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1107, 1114.)

The opening brief also failed to discuss the appellate standard of review. "Although a statement of the standard of review is not a technical requirement of an appellate brief, “[f]ailure to acknowledge the proper scope of review is a concession of a lack of merit.” (Sonic Manufacturing Technologies, Inc. v. AAE Systems, Inc. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 456, 465 (Sonic).) “ ‘Arguments should be tailored according to the applicable standard of appellate review.’ ” (Ibid.) By failing to acknowledge the standard of review, tailor its arguments to that standard, and properly cite to the record, the Villas has failed to make “coherent legal argument” sufficient to meet its burden of proving error. (Ponte v. County of Calaveras (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 551, 555.)"

As to the appellant's reply brief: "The entire appellant's reply brief is in violation of rule 8.204(a)(1)(B) and (C) because the brief has only a handful of record references and is completely lacking in citation to authority. The court had discretion not to consider the entire brief. (Holden v. City of San Diego (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 404, 418-419; Benach v. County of Los Angeles (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 836, 852; Roe v. McDonald's Corp., supra, 129 Cal.App.4th at p. 1114.) "We shall not consider factual assertions made in the appellant's reply brief that are not supported by a citation to the record." (Ragland v. U.S. Bank National Assn., supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 195.)

The reply also made new arguments that were not raised in the opening brief. Those arguments are forfeited. (Estate of Bonzi (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1106, fn. 6 [“we do not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief”]; Chicago Title Ins. Co. v. AMZ Ins. Services, Inc. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 401, 427-428 [arguments raised for the first time in the appellant's reply brief are forfeited].)

In sum, for failing to comply with Rules of Court rule 8.204(a) and other briefing defects:

  • The court disregarded the parts of the brief that lacked record citations in violation of rule 8.204(a)(1)(C).
  • The new arguments in the reply brief not raised in the opening brief were forfeited and not considered.
  • All the rest of the arguments made in the appellant's reply brief were forfeited, and not considered.

Magnanimously, the court did go on to evaluate the balance of the arguments on the merits. As you might expect:

Affirmed.

Tim Kowal is an appellate specialist certified by the California State Bar Board of Legal Specialization. Tim helps trial attorneys and clients win their cases and avoid error on appeal. He co-hosts the Cal. Appellate Law Podcast at CALpodcast.com, and publishes summaries of cases and appellate tips for trial attorneys. Contact Tim at [email protected] or (949) 676-9989.
Get “Not To Be Published,” a weekly digest of these articles, delivered directly to your inbox!
Subscribe

"God made the angels to show Him splendor, … Man He made to serve Him wittily, in the tangle of his mind."

— Sir Thomas More in Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons

Show neither partiality to the weak nor deference to the mighty, but judge your fellow men justly.

Leviticus

"At common law, barratry was 'the offense of frequently exciting and stirring up suits and quarrels' (4 Blackstone, Commentaries 134) and was punished as a misdemeanor."

Rubin v. Green (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1187

"Upon putting laws into writing, they became even harder to change than before, and a hundred legal fictions rose to reconcile them with reality."

— Will Durant

"A judge is a law student who grades his own papers."

— H.L. Mencken

"Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws."

— Plato (427-347 B.C.)

“It will be of little avail to the people, that the laws are made by men of their own choice, if the laws be so voluminous that they cannot be read, or so incoherent that they cannot be understood; if they be repealed or revised before they are promulgated, or undergo such incessant changes that no man, who knows what the law is today, can guess what it will be tomorrow. Law is defined to be a rule of action; but how can that be a rule, which is little known, and less fixed?”

— James Madison, Federalist 62

"It may be that the court is thought to be excessively legalistic. I should be sorry to think that it is anything else."

— Hon. Sir Owen Dixon, Chief Justice of Australia

"Counsel on the firing line in an actual trial must be prepared for surprises, including requests for amendments of pleading. They cannot ask that a judgment afterwards obtained be set aside merely because their equilibrium was slightly disturbed by an unexpected motion."

Posz v. Burchell (1962) 209 Cal.App.2d 324, 334

"So far as the beginnings of law had theories, the first theory of liability was in terms of a duty to buy off the vengeance of him to whom an injury had been done whether by oneself or by something in one's power. The idea is put strikingly in the Anglo-Saxon legal proverb, 'Buy spear from side or bear it,' that is, buy off the feud or fight it out."

— Roscoe Pound, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law

"Moot points have to be settled somehow, once they get thrust upon us. If an assertion cannot be proved, then it must be settled some other way, and nearly all of these ways are unfair to somebody."

—T.H. White, The Once and Future King

Copyright © 2024 Kowal Law Group
menuchevron-down linkedin facebook pinterest youtube rss twitter instagram facebook-blank rss-blank linkedin-blank pinterest youtube twitter instagram